Passages

 Ancient Egypt! 

A.

The people of ancient Egypt emerged as one of the first Western civilisations.

Sustained by the River Nile and protected by vast deserts, the Egyptians lived in

comparative security, prosperity and peace far thousands of years. When such

conditions exist, the civilisation and its arts usually flourish. To this day, many of the

Egyptian artistic creations display the wealth, splendour and talent of this great

civilisation.

B.

Ancient Egypt has been called a land of temples and tombs, and for centuries people

have been filled with wonder at the ingenuity of the Egyptians, whose impressive works

have withstood the ravages of time so well. Had it not been for the long-lasting nature

of their monuments and carved inscriptions in the form of hieroglyphics', much evidence of their activities would have vanished from all historical records. In about

3000 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt were united under the first pharaoh, and generally,

from that time until the invasion by Alexander the Great in 332 BC, Egypt prospered as

a nation of skilful craftsmen and artists.

C.

The Egyptians were industrious, highly civilised and deeply religious people, who

obediently accepted the supreme authority of their pharaohs. The people were content

to serve and work for the state in return for a secure livelihood. They considered this

earthly life to be a segment in a great cycle, at the end of which everything would be

returned to its original form. The richer and more important the person, the more careful

and elaborate would be his or her burial, and the stronger and safer the tomb in which

they would be buried.

D.

The burial of the dead in the ground was not considered sufficiently safe for kings,

queens and court officials, so sunken, sealed tombs were ingeniously constructed to

protect personal treasures, food and instructions for the safe conduct of the soul after

death. The design of these tombs developed into the stepped pyramid, and finally into

the square pyramid that we know today.

E.

There are about 80 ancient pyramids in Egypt. The Great Pyramid at Gizeh, which King

Cheops built as his tomb 5000 years ago, holds the most interest. It stands with two

other pyramids on a slight rise overlooking the River Nile. At the centre of the pyramid

is the King's Chamber and leading down from there is a long narrow area known as the

Grand Gallery. The pyramid covers 13 acres and contains 2,300,000 blocks of

limestone, each weighing an average of 1.5 tons. Its pyramidal form has a perfectly

square base with sides of 756 feet and a height of 481 feet. Situated directly below the

King's Chamber is the Queen's Chamber and there are two air channels leading

upwards from the centre of the pyramid to the outside.

F.

Originally the exterior was covered in highly polished limestone slabs, all of which have

been stolen over the years. It is estimated that a total of 100,000 men laboured for 20

years to build this gigantic structure, and although architecturally unimportant in design,

it has aroused the curiosity of millions of people because of the uncanny accuracy of its

measurements and proportions. It reveals the remarkable ingenuity and the great

organising ability of the ancient Egyptians.

G.

Near these pyramids stands the Great Sphinx, the origin and purpose of which

constitute one of the world's most famous puzzles. Shaped from an outcrop of stone in

the form of a human-headed lion, the face is possibly a portrait of King Khafra, the son

of Cheops, who was buried in the second largest pyramid. The Sphinx is one of the

biggest statues ever made.

H.

The Egyptian people showed reverence towards natural objects such as the lotus

flower, the scarab beetle, the falcon, the lion, the sun and the River Nile. AII these

subjects and many more were used symbolically and conventionally as motifs in low-

relief carving and painting. It was the custom of the Egyptians to depict the various

parts of the human figure, usually in the most characteristic positions. The head was

shown in profile except for the eye, which was represented from the front, the

shoulders and a portion of the arms were portrayed from the front, while the hips and

legs were side views. Wall decoration showed little or no attempt to indicate depth or

perspective, except by placing distant objects above near things. It was essentially two-

dimensional, and relative size indicated the status of the person, so the pharaoh was

the largest figure in the composition.

I.

Egyptian art is characterised by a passion for permanence, a desire to impress by size,

and a determination to make each item serve its function without much regard for the

whole. It is obvious that art among these people reached a very high level and the

strong influence of Egyptian art can be seen in the work of nearby civilisations.

J.

The fortunate discovery and subsequent deciphering in 1822 of the Rosetta Stone,

which showed the same laws inscribed both in Egyptian hieroglyphics and the Egyptian

demotic, or popular version of their language, as well as the Greek language,

eventually gave the key to the meaning of Egyptian inscriptions, and therefore the

significance of much Egyptian art.